Surface finishing apparatus

ABSTRACT

A surface finishing apparatus for finishing the edge surfaces of fiberboards or like substrates. A pair of axially convergent drive wheels impart rotational and radial motion to a board and pushes the board against a foiling head or other surface finishing hardware. The foiling wheel is pushed by a pneumatic cylinder towards the board. An air clamp holds the board down against the drive wheels during operation. A speed indexer computer controls the rotation of the axially convergent drive wheels in inverse relationship to the rotational speed of the foiling head. In an alternative embodiment, a pair of angled hold-down wheels are used to hold the board against the drive wheels.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention pertains generally to devices and methods for finishingthe surfaces of wood and fiberboard items, and more particularly to anapparatus and method for applying decorative coating from a foil ontocurvilinear and irregular-shaped edges of wood pieces without the needfor a template or other guide structure.

2. Description of the Background Art

As dimensional lumber is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive,much furniture is now made from board material comprising pressed andbonded sawdust, wood chips or wood fibers, such as reconstitutedfiberboard, chip board and medium density fiberboards or OMF. In itsnatural state, MDF and other fiberboard materials are somewhatunattractive and do not provide finished surfaces suitable for use asfurniture or for decorative applications. In order to make MDF and otherfiberboard look more like the dimensional lumber it replaces, it isdesirable to cover the board surfaces with a decorative film whichsimulates a wood grain finish. This is carried out by various surfacefinishing treatments to improve the physical appearance of the MDF. Afrequently used surface finishing treatment process is foiling, whereina wood grain pattern or other decorative pattern is painted onto a rollof plastic carrier film or tape, and then, using heat and pressure, thedecorative paint pattern is transferred from the film to the MDFsurface. The foil typically comprises a carrier film such as MYLAR®polyester, a heat release adhesive adjacent to or on the carrier film, alayer of decorative paint or pigment placed on the heat releaseadhesive, and a heat activated adhesive on top of the decorative paintlayer. When the foil is heated and pressed against a substrate such asthe edge of a board, the heat activated adhesive sticks to the substratewhile the heat release adhesive is released or disengages from thecarrier film, thus providing for transfer of the decorative paint layerto the board from the film.

In the past, edge foiling of rectangular boards has been carried out infour separate passes by various types of machines. More recently, singlepass edge foiling of all four edges of rectangular boards, as well ascontoured edges of non-rectangular boards, has been achieved through useof a template which exactly matches the shape of the edges of the boardwhich is to be foiled. The template generally has a guide structureassociated with its edges, such as a chain which can be driven by asprocket. The template pattern serves to hold the board against thefoiling wheel from which the decorative foil is transferred to the boardedge.

Several drawbacks are associated with conventional edge foiling devicesand other surface finishing devices and methods which require templates.For example, surface finishing machines generally require that eachboard have its own template with a precise edge pattern that matches theboard. The template patterns are costly to build, maintain and store,and use of template edge foiling devices requires that the board haveexactly the same shape as the template pattern, or the foil will not beapplied properly to the board edges. In order to carry out edge foilingof a different-shaped board on the foiling device, there is necessarydelay because the previous template must removed from the device and anew template installed thereon which matches the edge contours of thenew, different-shaped board to be finished.

Another important problem present in conventional edge foiling machinesis that the boards are moved with a constant speed in relation to thechain on the template, rather than at the appropriate or optimum speedfor the particular edge or peripheral contour of the board which isbeing foiled. This results in a peripheral speed which varies with theshape of the board edges and causes uneven application of the decorativecoating from the foil onto the board edges. A certain amount of heat andpressure for a given amount of time is required for proper foiling.Conventional edge foiling machines which vary the peripheral speed ofthe board tend to apply heat and pressure from the foiling wheel ontothe board for too much time in the straight sections of edges, and fortoo little time in the comers and curved sections of the edges, thusresulting in uneven application and poor adhesion of the foil to boardedges.

Yet another deficiency in conventional edge surface finishing devices isthat scratching or marring of previously top-finished and/or bottomfinished board surfaces may occur during edge finishing due to themanner in which the machines hold the boards during the edge finishingoperation.

Accordingly, there is a need for a surface finishing apparatus for MDJFboards and the like which does not require the use of templates or guidestructures, which can be used for edge-foiling or edge finishing ofboards having irregular and curvilinear edge structures, which canconsecutively carry out edge-finishing on different shaped boardswithout requiring exchange of templates or other machine adjustmentbetween boards, and which does not damage previously finished top andbottom surfaces. The present invention satisfies these needs, as well asothers, and generally overcomes the deficiencies found in conventionalfoiling machines.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is an apparatus and method for surface finishingboards or other workpieces of varying configurations without the use oftemplates. In its most general terms, the invention comprises (i)surface finishing means, (ii) drive means for rotating a workpiece andproviding radial force to a workpiece in the direction of the surfacefinishing means, (iii) means for pushing, moving or directing thesurface finishing means towards the drive means, (iv) hold-down meansfor holding a workpiece against the drive means and retaining theworkpiece in place during surface finishing, and (v) speed followermeans for controlling or adjusting the speed of the drive meansaccording to the speed or rate of operation of the surface finishingmeans. The surface finishing means, drive means, hold-down means andspeed follower means are all preferably associated with a base or a workplatform which includes a ball-bearing or air cushion table for flatworkpieces.

By way of example and not of limitation, the surface finishing meanspreferably comprises a foiling or foil transfer assembly having afoiling head or wheel which is rotatably driven by a DC drive or otherrotational power source, a swivel-mounted oven positioned to heat thefoiling head, an unwind motor for a spool of transfer foil, andtensioning means in the form of a jockey arm and roller. The foilingassembly is slidably or movably mounted on the base. A rewind arm and auptake motor are generally included on the base for receiving spent orused foil from the foil transfer assembly. A plurality of rollers orwheels are provided to direct foil from the spool to the foiling headand to the rewind arm and uptake motor, and to control tension of thefoil. Other types of paint or coating application assemblies, surfaceplaners, sanders, buffers, polishers, or other surface finishing orsurface treating means may also be utilized with the invention asalternatives to the foil transfer assembly.

The drive means for simultaneously providing rotational and radial forceto a workpiece preferably comprises a pair of converging axis drivewheels or feed rollers which are rotatably mounted on the base andpositioned to frictionally engage a workpiece along its bottom surfacein order to rotationally and radially drive or move the workpiece. Theaxially convergent drive wheels are canted, tilted or otherwise leaningtowards each other such that a point of convergence exists for therotational axes of the drive wheels. In one embodiment of the drivemeans, the rotational axes of the drive wheels are substantiallyperpendicular to the plane of the board or workpiece being finished,while in a second embodiment of the drive means the rotational axes ofthe drive wheels are substantially parallel with the plane of the boardor workpiece being finished. Both embodiments impart rotational andradial force to a workpiece due to the angled or canted relationship ofthe drive wheels. The drive wheels preferably have a tapered,frusto-conical structure and configuration and have traction generatingsurfaces for engaging a workpiece. The point of convergence of therotational axes of the drive wheels can be adjusted by adjusting thecant or tilt of the drive wheels over an angle of arc in order to varythe amount of rotational and/or radial force applied to the workpiece.The drive wheels are preferably mounted on spindles which aremechanically interfaced with a rotational power source such as a feeddrive stepper motor.

The hold-down means preferably comprises an air clamp or air bearingassembly which is designed so that a flow of air maintains pressure onthe workpiece and holds the workpiece against the drive wheels withoutmechanical contact between the air clamp and the workpiece. One or moreholes in the air clamp allow some of the air to escape axially, relativeto the clamp's movement. This air blowing against the substrate holdsthe air clamp slightly away from the substrate, thus protecting thedelicate surface treatment of the substrate from marring. The air clampmay include a skirt to create or define a plenum to better control airflow. The air clamp position is adjustable in relation to the tapereddrive disks. The hold-down means may alternatively comprise a pair ofcanted upper hold-down disks which are positioned opposite the drivedisks of the drive means and which hold the workpiece in place againstthe drive disks.

The speed follower means provides for motion control of the apparatus byutilizing an indexer computer or microprocessor, a high-resolutionencoder, and a multiple position range selector switch which are linkedor interfaced together with the drive means and surface finishing means.The encoder is positioned to monitor rotational speed of the foilinghead. The indexer is enabled by a sequence controller computer ormicroprocessor, for which a speed is set via the range selector switch.The range selector switch changes the value of the band width conversionratio within a fuzzy logic algorithm tree included within an opencontrol program associated with the indexer. The fuzzy logic algorithmtree uses a conversion ratio along with the clocked speed differentialof the encoder to calculate running speed values for the surfacefinishing means. The running speed of operation of the surface finishingmeans is inversely related by the indexer to the operating speed of thedrive means. Thus, when a foiling head speed exceeds a specific range,the indexer instructs the drive means to slow down.

The means for pushing or directing the surface finishing means towardsthe drive means preferably comprises a pneumatically actuated slidingplatform. The surface finishing means is mounted on the sliding platformand is slidably moved with the sliding platform by a pneumatic cylinderrelative to the base and drive means so that the surface finishing meansis moved towards the workpiece by the sliding platform while theworkpiece is radially forced or moved toward the surface finishing meansby the drive means.

The safe operation of the apparatus comprising the present invention isensured by the sequence controller which interfaces with the componentsof the surface finishing means so that the drive means, heating ovenand/or other components can be turned on only when the foiling head isrotating.

An object of the invention is to provide a surface finishing apparatuswhich neatly and accurately carries out surface finishing of wood boardsor other substrates having curvilinear, irregular and/or contourededges.

Another object of the invention is to provide a surface finishingapparatus which can finish surfaces of various types of substrates.

Another object of the invention is to provide a surface finishingapparatus which finishes the edges of a top and/or bottom finished piecewithout marring or damaging the top and/or bottom finished surfaces.

Another object of the invention is to provide a surface finishingapparatus which utilizes a pair of tilted drive wheels of tapered shapefor simultaneously imparting rotational and radial force to a workpiece.

Another object of the invention is to provide a surface finishingapparatus which utilizes speed follower control wherein the runningspeed of the drive wheels is inversely related to the operational speedof the surface finishing.

Another object of the invention is to provide a surface finishingapparatus which has a constant peripheral speed for board edges and thusavoids uneven application of decorative coating to board edges.

Another object of the invention is to provide a surface finishingapparatus which utilizes an air clamp for holding workpieces against thedrive wheels.

Another object of the invention is to provide a surface finishingapparatus which may be used for edge foiling of wood boards or otherworkpieces having irregular, curvilinear and/or contoured edges.

Further objects and advantages of the invention will be brought out inthe following portions of the specification, wherein the detaileddescription is for the purpose of fully disclosing preferred embodimentsof the invention without placing limitations thereon.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be more fully understood by reference to thefollowing figures which are for illustrative purposes only:

FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a surface finishing apparatus in accordancewith the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 showing a workpieceW in phantom and showing the jockey arm moved to accommodate theworkpiece.

FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of the drive means of the invention,showing a portion of the base and a ball bearing row.

FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of one of the drive wheels shown in FIG.3 illustrating the tapered, frusto-conical shape of the drive wheel.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the drive wheels of the drive meansillustrating the convergence of the rotational axes of the drive wheels.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view in detail of the air clamp hold-downassembly shown in FIG. 2 taken through line 6--6.

FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of a drive wheel, an air clamp hold-downassembly in cross-section, a hold-down arm, a foiling head, a portion ofthe base and a ball bearing row, and a workpiece W shown in phantom.

FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram showing generally the speedfollower means of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a side elevation view of a drive wheel shown with an upperhold-down wheel and foiling head, together with a portion of the baseand a ball bearing row, and a workpiece W shown in phantom.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment drive wheelarrangement in accordance with the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring more specifically to the figures, for illustrative purposesthe surface finishing apparatus comprising the present invention isgenerally shown in FIG. 1 through FIG. 10. It will be appreciated thatthe apparatus may vary as to configuration and as to details of theparts, and that the method may vary as to the steps and their sequence,without departing from the basic concepts as disclosed herein. Theinvention is disclosed generally in terms of a foiling apparatus whereindecorative coatings are transferred from a foil by a transfer assemblyto the edge surfaces of a wood board or other substrate or workpiece.The preferred embodiment as disclosed herein is particularly well suitedfor edge foiling of generally flat boards or substrates which havecurvilinear or irregularly-shaped edges. It will be readily apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art, however, that the surface finishingapparatus comprising the invention may be used with paint or coatingapplication assemblies, surface planers, sanders, shapers buffers,polishers, or other surface finishing or surface treating means forapplying or effecting a finish on the edges, flat surfaces or othersurfaces of various types of substrates or workpieces.

Referring first to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, a surface finishing apparatus 10in accordance with the present invention is generally shown. Theapparatus 10 includes a foiling assembly or foil transfer assembly 12mounted on a platform or plate 14. Platform 14 is movably or slidablymounted on a base or work table 16 which is conveniently sized andshaped to facilitate use of the invention by an operator. The structureand configuration of base 16 may be varied as desired for differentapplications of the invention. Ball bearing rows 18a-18d on base 16provide a low friction surface for accommodating flat boards orsubstrates which are shown generally as a workpiece W in FIG. 2.Workpiece W is shown as generally flat or planar in shape. The numberand configuration of ball bearing rows 18a-18d can be varied as desiredto accommodate different sizes and types of workpieces W. An air table(not shown) may be used in place of ball bearing rows 18a-18d to providea low friction surface on base 16.

Foil transfer assembly 12 generally includes a foiling head or wheel 20which is rotatably driven by a DC drive or gear motor 22 or otherrotational power source such as linear motor, AC motor, DC motor, airmotor, servo motor, or other electrical, mechanical or pneumatic means.A one way clutch (not shown) is included on the drive shaft (not shown)connecting drive motor 22 and foiling head 20, which allows foiling head20 to overrun when necessary to compensate for the shape of workpiece W.A cowl-shaped heater or oven hood 24 for controlling the temperature offoiling head 20 partially encloses foiling head 20, and is swivelmounted on platform 14 so that oven 24 can swing away from foiling head20 to accommodate oddly-shaped portions of workpiece W, if required. Aninterchangeable and replaceable spool of transfer foil 26 is mounted onplatform 14 via unwind torque motor 28. Spool 26 is unwound tocontinuously supply a strip of foil 30 to foiling head 20. Heat andpressure are conventionally applied to transfer a heat-activated paintor decorative layer from the foil 30 to the edge of workpiece W. Afterfoiling, the used carrier film from foil 30 is received by a take-uptorque motor 32, mounted on base 16. A rewind arm 34 is pivotallymounted on base 16, and includes a pulley or wheel 36. Foil 30, whichhas been heated during passage by heated foiling head or wheel 20, isallowed to cool as it is passes around pulley 36 on rewind arm 34 beforethe carrier film is taken up by torque motor 32.

Foil transfer assembly 12 also includes a jockey arm 38 pivotallymounted on plate 14 by a post 40. A roller 42 is provided on jockey arm38 on the end opposite post 40, and foil 30 passes around roller 42.Jockey arm 38 serves to hold foil 30 against workpiece W and to outfeedfoil 30 from workpiece W at an angle or orientation, close to that ofthe workpiece edge or surface being foiled, and at a sufficient distancesuch that foil 30 does not wrinkle. Bias means such as a spring (notshown) associated with post 40 serves to spring load jockey arm 38towards a resting position, shown in FIG. 1, wherein roller 42 isgenerally adjacent foiling head 20. Preferably, the spring is adjustableby means of a tension adjust collar (not shown) associated with post 40,to control amount of bias against jockey arm 38 as required forparticular foiling operations. Jockey arm 38 moves between a restingposition shown in FIG. 1 and an extended or tensioned position, shown inFIG. 2, through an angle of arc which may be adjusted as required toaccommodate different workpieces. Adjustment of the angle of arc forjockey arm 38 may be carried out with a stop position lock (not shown)associated with post 40, which is positioned and locked in place toincrease or reduce the angle of arc through which jockey arm 38 moves.Jockey arm 38 is preferably extensible, and the length of jockey arm 38may be adjusted for increased or reduced length as necessary fordifferent operations. A guide wheel array 44 is also included with foiltransfer assembly 12, and has a plurality of guide wheels which controltension and orientation of foil 30 between spool 26 and foiling head 20.

As described above, foil transfer assembly 12 is merely one of manypossible surface finishing means contemplated for use with the presentinvention. The surface finishing means may alternatively comprise aspray paint applicator or applicators, computer controlled spray paintor ink jet applicators, surface planers, sanders, buffers, polishers,shapers or other surface finishing or surface treating means forapplying or effecting a finish on the edges or other surfaces of varioustypes of substrates or workpieces. Additionally, the foil transferassembly 12 may utilize a larger or smaller foiling wheel or head 20, ormay include equipment for ultrasonic or vibratory foiling.

The surface finishing apparatus 10 includes means for rotating workpieceW relative to the surface finishing means and for driving, directing ormoving workpiece W radially towards the surface finishing means. Thedrive means preferably comprises a feed drive assembly 46 located withina well or recessed area 48 in base 16. Feed drive assembly 46 includesan identical pair of converging axis or axially convergent drive wheelsor feed rollers 50a, 50b which extend out of well 48 and above the topsurface 51 of base 16. Drive wheels 50a, 50b are positioned in anopposing arrangement or relationship and are generally canted, tilted orotherwise angled relative to each other. Referring more particularly toFIG. 5, as well as to FIG. 1 through FIG. 4 and FIG. 7 and FIG. 9, therotational axes 52a, 52b of drive wheels 50a, 50b respectively convergeat a point 53 above the drive wheels 50a, 50b and at a distance fromdrive wheels 50a, 50b which can be adjusted by controlling the angle ofcant or tilt of drive wheels 50a, 50b, as discussed further below. Inthe embodiment of the drive means shown in FIG. 1 through FIG. 5 and inFIG. 7 and FIG. 9, drive wheels 50a, 50b have rotational axes 52a, 52bwhich are substantially parallel to the rotational axis (not shown) offoiling head 20 and which are substantially canted relative to planarworkpiece W and the flat bottom edge of workpiece W. It is the angularrelationship of drive wheels 50a, 50b relative to each other, and theirconvergent rotational axes 52a, 52b that generate the drive action onworkpiece W which imparts or provides rotational motion to workpiece Was well as provides a radial force to workpiece W in the direction offoil transfer assembly 12 and foiling head 20, as discussed furtherbelow. Drive wheels 50a, 50b may alternatively be positioned such thattheir rotational axes are not substantially parallel to the rotationalaxis of foiling head 20 and which are substantially parallel to theplanar surfaces of workpiece W, as will be made more clear below in thedescription of an alternative embodiment of the drive means. In theembodiment of the drive means shown in FIG. 1 through FIG. 5 and FIG. 7and FIG. 9, drive wheels 50a, 50b preferably are slightly canted ortilted away from the surface finishing means, as well as canted towardseach other.

Drive wheels 50a, 50b are rotationally powered by a stepper motor 54which is mechanically interfaced with drive wheels 50a, 50b, preferablyby a timing belt 56. Stepper motor 54 may alternatively comprise alinear motor, AC motor, DC motor, air motor, servo motor, or otherelectrical, mechanical or pneumatic means for imparting rotational powerto drive wheels 50a, 50b. Stepper motor 54 alternatively may beinterfaced with drive wheels 50a, 50b by a chain, gear arrangement orother standard mechanical interface. Drive wheels 50a, 50b generallyrotate in the same direction under the action of timing belt 56.

Axially convergent or canted drive wheels 50a, 50b generally have axesof rotation 52a, 52b, respectively, which are not parallel to or alignedwith each other, but which are canted relative to each other so that therotational axes 52a, 52b meet or converge at convergence point 53, asdescribed above. Referring more particularly to FIG. 3, as well as toFIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, drive assembly 46 is structured,configured and arranged to impart rotational power to drive wheels 50a,50b which are angled relative to stepper motor 54 or otherwise notrotationally aligned with stepper motor 54. Preferably, drive assembly46 includes a timing pulley 58 on stepper motor 54 to power timing belt56. Timing belt 56 in turn drives a pair of cogged timing pulleys 60a,60b, which have rotational axes (not shown) that are parallel to oraligned with the rotational axis (not shown) of stepper motor 54. Coggedtiming pulleys 60a, 60b include teeth or cogs (not shown) whichintermesh with matching teeth or cogs 62 on a pair of cogged wheels 64a,64b, so that cogged timing pulleys 60a, 60b drive cogged wheels 64a,64b. Cogged wheels 64a, 64b, which power wheels 50a, 50b, haverotational axes (not shown) that are angled relative to the rotationalaxes of cogged timing pulleys 60a, 60b and stepper motor 54, but whichare coaxial with the rotational axes 52a, 52b of drive wheels 50a, 50b,respectively. The pair of cogged wheels 64a, 64b are connected withdrive wheels 50a, 50b by pair of cylinders or tubes 66a, 66b. Drivewheels 50a, 50b are each mounted on angled shafts 68a 68b, together witha corresponding cogged wheel 64a, 64b and cylinder 66a, 66b.

With the above described drive assembly 46, rotational motion fomstepper motor 54 is thus imparted to canted, axially convergent drivewheels 50a, 50b via timing belt 56, the pair cogged timing pulleys 60a,60b, the pair of cogged wheels 64a, 64b, and the pair of connectingcylinders 66a, 66b. A belt tension adjuster 70 allows control of thetension of timing belt 56. Other arrangements for mechanicallyinterfacing stepper motor 54 with drive wheels 50a, 50b, such asuniversal joints, frictional contacts, or other cog arrangements willsuggest themselves to those skilled in the art. The arrangement forimparting rotational power to drive wheels 50a, 50b as disclosed hereinthus should not be considered limiting. Means for adjusting the positionof convergence point 53 of rotational axes 52a, 52b, as well as theangle of drive wheels or feed rollers 50a, 50b relative to each other,are included with the invention, and preferably comprise manuallyoperated angle adjustment wheels 72a, 72b (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) which aremechanically interfaced by standard means with angled shafts 68a, 68bvia mounting bases (not shown). Use of the angle adjustment means 72a,72b allows an operator to control the location of convergence point 53of rotational axes 52a, 52b of drive wheels 50a, 50b by adjusting theangle of tilt or cant of drive wheels 50a, 50b relative to each other.Angle clamps (not shown) are used to hold or lock the mounting bases(and thus shafts 68a 68b and drive wheels 50a, 50b) at the desiredangular adjustment set by adjustment wheels 72a, 72b. A drive wheelangle indicator (not shown) is used to show an operator the angle ofdrive wheels 50a, 50b. Preferably, angular adjustment of shafts 68a,68b, and thus drive wheels 50a, 50b, can be made over a range of arc ofabout five degrees off normal (vertical) to about thirty degrees offnormal relative to each other (zero degrees of cant or tilt wouldprovide drive wheels 50a, 50b with parallel, non-convergent rotationalaxes). Encreasing the angle of cant or tilt of drive wheels 50a, 50brelative to each other moves the axial convergence point 53 closer todrive wheels 50a, 50b, while decreasing the angle of cant or tilt ofdrive wheels relative to each other moves axial convergence point 53away from drive wheels 50a, 50b. The angle adjustment means may allowdrive wheels 50a, 50b to be adjusted together or separately. Otherstandard means for adjusting the angle of drive wheels 50a, 50b andshafts 68a, 68b are also considered to be within the scope of thisdisclosure.

Referring more particularly to FIG. 4, axially convergent, canted drivewheels or disks 50a, 50b are tapered in shape, and have a generallyfrusto-conical structure and configuration. The surfaces of drive wheels50a, 50b are preferably made of or covered with an elastomeric materialor otherwise have traction means to allow drive wheels to frictionallyengage the lower surface of workpiece W in order to feed workpiece Wtowards foiling head 20. The elastomeric material additionally avoidsscratching or marring of the bottom surface of workpiece W which mayhave been previously foiled or finished.

The angled arrangement of axially convergent drive wheels 50a, 50btogether with their tapered or frusto-conical shape of drive wheels 50a,50b impart force to workpiece W which has both a rotational componentand a radial component, so that both rotational and radial motion isexperienced by workpiece W under the action of drive wheels 50a, 50b.Thus, as drive wheels 50a, 50b frictionally engage the bottom surface ofworkpiece W, workpiece W rotates relative to foiling head 20 so that anew portion of the edge of workpiece W is continuously presented tofoiling head. At the same time, the action of drive wheels 50a, 50bpushes workpiece W towards foiling head 20 to provide pressure which,together with heat from oven 24, allow transfer of the decorativecoating from foil 30 onto the edges of workpiece W. As mentioned above,the rotational axes of drive wheels 50a, 50b adjust over an angle of arcof approximately five to thirty degrees relative to each other.Generally, a larger angle of tilt is used for edge foiling of smallerworkpieces W, while a smaller angle of tilt is used for largerworkpieces.

Referring to FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the present inventiongenerally includes hold-down means for holding workpiece W against oradjacent the tilted drive wheels 50a, 50b of the drive means. Thehold-down means preferably comprises an air clamp hold-down assembly 74mounted on a hold-down arm 76. Air clamp hold-down assembly 74 includesa hold-down piston 78 of generally cylindrical structure andconfiguration, with a hollow interior 80. Located within the interior 80of hold-down piston 78 is a hold-down tube 82. A disk 84 mounted on thelower end 86 of hold-down tube 82 includes an annular groove or channel88 which accommodates an O-ring 90. O-ring 90 provides an air-tight sealbetween hold-down tube 82 and hold-down piston 78. Bias means in theform of spring 92 is included on hold-down tube 82. Spring 92 ispositioned between disk 84 and a retaining collar 94 which slidablymoves relative to hold-down tube 82. An annular retaining ring or lip 96extends about the edge of interior 80 of hold-down piston 82 adjacentthe open top end 98 of hold-down piston 78, and holds retaining collar94 and spring 92 within the interior 80 of hold-down piston 78.Hold-down tube 82 includes an intermal air channel 100 whichcommunicates with an air chamber 102 located between the lower end 86 ofhold-down tube 82 and a bottom wall 104 of hold-down piston 78. A sourceof pressurized air (not shown) is attached to or communicates with theend 106 of air channel 100. An air bleed hole 108 extends through thebottom wall 104 of hold-down piston 78, and communicates with airchamber 102. A plurality of air bleed holes may be included in bottomwall 104, instead of the single bleed hold 104 shown. A downward facingcircular lip or flange 110 extends about the edge of bottom wall 104 ofhold-down piston 78, and serves to define a plenum 112 between bottomwall 104 of hold-down piston 78 and the surface of workpiece W.

A mounting rod 114 is attached to the top end 116 of hold-down tube 82by a bolt 118 or like hardware. Mounting rod 114 is preferably integralto hold-down tube 82. Mounting rod 114 in turn couples to hold-down arm76. Hold-down arm 76 is movably mounted on base 16 by post 120, and ispositionally adjusted by use of indicator plate 122, so that air clamphold-down assembly 74 can be optimally positioned for particularworkpieces W. In operation, pressurized air from air channel 100 pusheshold-down piston 78 down relative to hold-down tube 82. Pressurized airescapes air chamber 102 through bleed hold 108 into plenum 112. The airin plenum 112 forms an air cushion which holds workpiece W against thedrive means of the invention. The movement of hold-down piston 78relative to hold-down tube 82, as well as the size of air chamber 102,will vary with the pressure of air delivered through air channel 100,with retaining collar 98 and retaining ring 96 providing a limit on theamount of movement. The air cushion provided by the air clamp hold-downassembly 74 applies pressure to workpiece W from above without contactbetween the workpiece W and air clamp hold-down assembly 74, therebyavoiding scratching or marring the upper surface of workpiece W, whichmay have previously been foiled or finished.

Means for pushing, moving or sliding the surface finishing means towardsthe drive means and workpiece are included with the invention,preferably comprising a pneumatic cylinder 124 which is interfaced withmovable or to sliding platform 14 by a piston (not shown) or othermechanical interface. Pneumatic cylinder 124 applies pressure toplatform 14 to push or slide platform 14 and foil transfer assembly 12towards drive wheels 50a, 50b and workpiece W. Pneumatic cylinder 124,together with the radial force of drive wheels 50a, 50b, providespressure between foiling head 20 and workpiece W which is used, togetherwith heat from oven 24, to transfer decorative coating from foil 20 ontoworkpiece W, as discussed further below. When foiling of a workpiece Wis completed, pneumatic cylinder 124 is used to pull or slide foiltransfer assembly 12 and platform 14 away from workpiece W. Referringnext to FIG. 8, as well as FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the invention preferablyincludes speed follower means for controlling the rotational speed ofdrive wheels 50a, 50b relative to the operating speed of the surfacefinishing means. The speed follower means utilizes a feed indexer 126 tocontrol the speed of the drive means according to feedback regarding thespeed of the surface finishing means. Feed indexer 126 may be aconventional digital or analog computer and may be internal or externalto the apparatus 10. Feed indexer 126 is electronically linked with aconventional high resolution encoder 128 or other sensing means which ispositioned to monitor the operational rate of the surface finishingmeans, preferably by monitoring the rotational motion of foiling head20. Encoder 128 monitors foiling head 20 by tracking the rotationalmotion of the shaft (not shown connecting foiling head 20 and drivemotor 22, or another other rotational part (not shown) associated withfoiling head 20. Rotational information regarding the operating speed offoiling head 20 is conveyed to feed indexer 126 from encoder 28 viaconventional communication interface. Encoder 128 may be a conventionalmagnetic, ultrasonic, laser, inductive, audio, rotary optical encoder oroptical line follower, high speed thermal sensor, or other means forsensing and detecting the operating speed of foil transfer assembly 12.Feed indexer 126 is interfaced with stepper motor 54, and utilizes inputfrom encoder 128 to calculate a running speed for stepper motor 54 anddrive wheels 50a, 50b according to feedback on the rotational speed offoiling head 20 as supplied by encoder 128. Thus, when foiling head 20overruns to compensate for the shape of the edges of workpiece W, feedindexer 126, which serves as the control and power unit for steppermotor 54, slows down the speed of stepper motor 54 and drive wheels 50a,50b, to compensate for the overrunning.

A sequence controller 130 and drive speed range selector switch 132 areinterfaced with feed indexer 126. The sequence controller 132, which isa conventional digital or analog computer, is electrically isolatedthrough the use of an optical isolator (not shown). Range selectorswitch 132 preferably has a range of six speeds for stepper motor 54. Avariable foil speed control 134 is used to set the rotational speed offoiling head drive motor 22 and foiling head or wheel 20. Feed indexer126, sequence controller 130, range selector switch 132 and foiling headspeed control 134 are preferably included on control panels 138, 140 orare internal to base 16 and have displays associated with control panels136, 138, to facilitate use of the invention.

An inverse relationship is preferably used by feed indexer 124 so that,as the speed of foiling head 20 increases due to overrunning, a feedbackloop slows the speed of stepper motor 54 and thus drive wheels 50a, 50b.Changes in rotational speed of foiling head 20 are detected andmonitored by encoder 128, and communicated to feed indexer 126 asdescribed above. Open control programming associated with feed indexer124 calculates running speeds for stepper motor 54 in inverse relationto the speed of foiling head drive motor 22 and foiling head 20. Thespeed follower means of the invention thus slows down stepper motor 54and drive wheels 50a, 50b when the speed of foiling head 20 increases,accelerates or overruns due to the uneven shape of the edges ofworkpiece W, thereby reducing the rotational speed of workpiece W inresponse to the overrunning and avoiding uneven or inaccurateapplication of decorative coating from foil 30 to the edges of workpieceW which could otherwise occur. The speed follower means of the inventionthus provides a constant peripheral or edge speed for workpiece W byslowing down or speeding up the drive means as required to compensatefor uneven or irregular edge shapes.

The open control programming of the speed follower means can include afuzzy logic algorithm tree which utilizes a conversion ratio, along withthe clocked speed differential of encoder 126, to calculate the runningspeed values for stepper motor 54. The structure of the open controlprogramming preferably allows for many speed ranges and controlbehaviors, and allows accommodation of different sizes of foilingwheels, different types of foiling such as ultrasonic and vibratoryfoiling, and different surface finishing means generally, includingspray paint applicators, computer controlled spray paint applicators,surface planers, sanders, buffers, polishers, or other surface finishingor surface treating means. The fuzzy logic algorithm may operate in realtime for calculating the speed band width without feedback ramping andrunaway conditions. Those skilled in the art will appreciate thatconventional programming techniques may be used to implement theforegoing method in software or hardware equivalents. It should also beunderstood that the invention may be utilized without the speed followermeans, if desired, particularly when used for foiling workpieces havingedges with gently curved and regular shapes.

Control panels 136, 138, shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, include severalcontrol buttons, keys knobs, switches, LED and/or liquid crystaldisplays, and to other standard user or operator interface items forcontrol of the surface finishing apparatus 10. In the preferredembodiment, control panel 136 includes an emergency stop button 140,drive speed range selector/control switch 132, foil speed control 134,temperature controller 142 and temperature display 144 for swivel oven24, an unwind torque control 146 for unwind motor 28, rewind torquecontrol 148 for uptake motor 32, start/stop buttons 150 for steppermotor 54, start/stop buttons 152 for foiling head drive motor 22 andfoiling head 20, start/stop buttons 154 for uptake motor 32 and unwindmotor 28, and on/off buttons 156 for swivel oven 24. Control panel 140is shown as including an on/off switch 158 for providing pressurized airto air clamp assembly 74, an on/off switch 160 for activating pneumaticcylinder, a pressure gauge 162 for air clamp assembly 74, a pressuregauge 164 for pneumatic cylinder 124, a pressure control valve 166 forair clamp assembly 74, and a pressure control valve 168 for pneumaticcylinder 124. The location and arrangement of the controls, buttons,switches, knobs and displays as shown are merely one possiblearrangement which is convenient for persons operating the apparatus 10,and other control panel arrangements may alternatively be used.

The surface finishing apparatus 10 is utilized by positionally adjustinghold-down arm 76 and adjusting the length and angle of swing of jockeyarm 38 according to the dimensions of workpiece W. A stop roller 170 forworkpiece W is also positionally adjusted, according to the size andshape of workpiece W, by moving indicator plate 172 on bolt 174.Emergency stop switch or button 140 is activated, and the power toapparatus 10 is turned on, enabling sequence controller 130. Theuptake/unwind motor switch 154 is activated, and a foil spool 26 isloaded onto unwind motor 28. The foil 30 is fed through guide wheelassembly 44, around foiling head or wheel 20, roller 42 on jockey arm38, and pulley 36 on rewind arm 34, and then connected with uptake motor32. The unwind torque control 146 and rewind torque control 148 areadjusted tension foil 30. The start/stop button 152 for foiling headdrive motor 22 and foiling head 20 is then activated, to start rotationof foiling head 20. The foiling head speed control 134 is then adjustedto a desired speed, which sets the speed range of foiling head drivemotor 22 and foiling head 20. The oven on/off switch 156 is activated toheat foiling head 20, and temperature control 142 is used to set thetemperature of oven 24. A workpiece W is placed on ball bearing rows18a-18d on base 16, and the on/off switch 160 for the air clamphold-down assembly is activated. As mentioned above, the number andconfiguration of ball bearing rows 18a-18d may be varied to accommodatedifferent workpieces. Control valve 166 is used to regulate pressurizedair for air clamp hold-down assembly 74. The angle of axially convergentdrive wheels 50a, 50b is set by adjustment wheels 72a, 72b, the drivemotor switch 150 is activated, and drive speed range selector switch isused to set a base drive speed for stepper motor 54 and drive wheels50a. 50b. The on/off switch 158 for pneumatic cylinder 124 is activatedto move or slide platform 14 and foil transfer assembly 12 towardsworkpiece W, and control valve 164 is used to adjust the pressureapplied by pneumatic cylinder 124 on platform 14.

During operation, the axially convergent, canted relationship of drivewheels 50a, 50b provide a feeding or drive action which rotatesworkpiece W as well as pushes workpiece W against rotating foiling head20. At the same time, pneumatic cylinder 124 pushes foiling head 20against workpiece W. Heat from oven 24 heats foiling head 20 and foil 30as foil passes around foiling head 20, and the combined heat andpressure effect a transfer of heat-activated paint or decorative coatingfrom foil 30 to the edges of workpiece W. Foil 30 is continuouslyunwound from spool 26, to supply fresh foil 30 to foiling head 20.Jockey arm 38 pivotally moves as required by the shape of workpiece W.Oven 24 likewise can pivot or swivel to accommodate workpiece W. Aftertransfer of the decorative coating to workpiece W, the used carrier filmis stripped off the edge of workpiece W and wound up by uptake motor.When all the edges of workpiece W have been foiled, pneumatic cylinderswitch 158 is turned off and drive motor switch 150 is turned off, tostop motion of workpiece W and separate foiling head 20 from workpieceW. The air clamp hold-down pressure switch 160 is then turned off torelease the workpiece W, allowing exchanged with a new unfinishedworkpiece, for which the above procedure is repeated.

The action of axially convergent, canted drive wheels 50a, 50b, whichboth rotate workpiece W as well as provide a radial force to theworkpiece W to press workpiece W against foiling head, supplies themotion and pressure to workpiece W needed for foiling without the use ofa template or other guide structure required by currently used foilingdevices. The air clamp hold-down assembly 74 applies pressure toworkpiece W and holds workpiece W against drive wheels 50a, 50b withoutcontacting the top surface of workpiece W, and thus eliminates thedanger of scratching or marring of the flat top surface of workpiece Wduring edge foiling. The speed follower means slows down the steppermotor 54 and drive wheels 50a, 50b when the speed of foiling head 20increases, accelerates or overruns due to the uneven shape of the edgeof workpiece W, reducing the rotational speed of workpiece W andavoiding cracking, crinkling or otherwise uneven or inaccurateapplication of decorative coating from foil 30 to the edges of workpieceW. Conventional foiling devices do not provide for control of drivespeed relative to foiling speed, and thus previous foiling devices havenot been able to effectively foil odd-shaped and curvilinear shapedboards, as is done by the present invention.

Referring now to FIG. 9, an alternative embodiment of the hold-downmeans of the invention is shown as a pair of axially convergent holdwheels 176a, 176b which are positioned above and opposite the pair ofaxially convergent drive wheels 50a, 50b of the drive means, with onehold-down wheel 176a, 176b positioned adjacent each drive wheel 50a,50b. For reasons of clarity, only one of the pair of hold-down wheels176a, 176b is shown in FIG. 7. Hold-down wheels 176a, 176b are generallytilted or canted relative to each other, and are positioned in a mirrorimage relationship through a horizontal plane of reflection. Therotational axes (not shown) of hold-down wheels 176a, 176b have aconvergence point (not shown) due to the canted or tilted relationshipof hold-down wheels 176a, 176b, in a manner similar to that describedabove for drive wheels 50a, 50b. The angle of tilt of hold-down wheels176a, 176b generally matches the angle of tilt of drive wheels 50a, 50brelative to workpiece W. Hold-down wheels 176a, 176b are tapered inshape, have a frusto-conical structure and configuration, and preferablyhave traction generating means such as an elastomeric layer or coatingwhich frictionally interacts with the upper surface of workpiece W.Hold-down wheels 176a, 176b are spaced apart from tilted drive wheels50a, 50b to accommodate workpiece W between hold-down wheels 176a, 176band drive wheels 50a, 50b. Vertical positioning means (not shown) allowhold-down wheels 176a, 176b to be vertical positioned relative to drivewheels 50a, 50b, to accommodate workpieces of different thickness.

Hold-down wheels 176a, 176b are mounted on angled shafts 178a, 178b, andare adjusted in angle to control the point of convergence of therotational axes of hold-down wheels 176a, 176b, and to match the angleof tilt of drive wheels 50a, 50b. Angle adjustment means for hold-downwheels 176a, 176b is preferably provided by hand operated adjustmentwheels 72a, 72b, which are mechanically interfaced via conventionalmeans (not shown) to angled shafts 178a, 178b through use of mountingbases (not shown), angle clamps (not shown). Thus, angular adjustment ofdrive wheels 50a, 50b and hold-down wheels 176a, 176b are preferablymade at the same time, by the same mechanism described above for angularadjustment of drive wheels 50a, 50b. Alternatively, separate orindependent angle adjustment means may be used for hold-down wheels176a, 176b and angled shafts 178a, 178b. Angular adjustment of shafts178a, 178b and hold-down wheels 176a, 176b are preferably made over arange of arc of about five degrees to about thirty degrees and match (inmirror image) the angle of drive wheels 50a, 50b.

The drive means of the invention is preferably used to impart rotationalpower to hold-down wheels 176a, 176b, and stepper motor 54 ismechanically interfaced with hold-down wheels 176a, 176b through use ofa timing belt, cogged timing pulleys, and cogged wheels (not shown)which are similar to those described above for drive assembly 46. Thus,the frusto-conical shape and angle or tilt of hold-down wheels 176a,176b provides rotational motion and radial force to workpiece W in thesame manner as drive wheels 50a, 50b. Since the hold-down wheels 176a,176b are powered by stepper motor 54, the speed follower means of theinvention slows down hold-down wheels 176a, 176b, as well as drivewheels 50a, 50b, when the speed of foiling head 20 increases oraccelerates due to the shape of the edge of workpiece W. A separatedrive assembly and speed follower means could alternatively be employedfor hold-down wheels 176a, 176b.

Use of the invention with the hold-down wheels 176a, 176b shown in FIG.7 would be carried out in generally the same manner as described above,but without the use of air clamp hold-down assembly 74 and hold-down arm76, since hold-down wheels 76 provide the hold-down means. Theelastomeric layer or coating on hold-down wheels 176a, 176b preventsmarring or scratching of the top surface of workpiece W.

Referring next to FIG. 10 an alternative embodiment of the drive meansof the invention is generally shown as drive arrangement 180. Drivearrangement 180 includes axially convergent or canted drive wheels 182a,182b which have rotational axes 184a, 184b that meet or converge at aconvergence point 186. In the drive arrangement 180, drive wheels 182a,182b are structured, configured and positioned such that rotational axes184a, 184b lie in a plane which is generally parallel to the planedefined by the workpiece (not shown). Thus, rotational axes 184a, 184bof drive wheels 182a, 182b are substantially perpendicular to therotational axes 52a, 52b of drive wheels 50a, 50b in the embodiment ofdrive arrangement 46 described above. Conventional right angle geararrangements 188a, 188b are used with drive arrangement 180 tomechanically interface drive wheels 182a, 182b with a rotational powersource such as a stepper motor (not shown) or like motor which has arotational axis that is generally perpendicular to rotational axes 184a,184b. Alternatively, a stepper motor may be positioned such that itsrotational axis lies in a plane which is generally parallel to the planedefined by rotational axes 184a, 184b, in which case a cogged timingpulley and wheel arrangement of the type described above may be usedwith drive arrangement 180.

Referring also to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, drive arrangement 180 may besubstituted in well 48 for drive arrangement 46, and be used in a mannerwhich is generally the same as described above for drive arrangement 46.As with drive wheels 50a, 50b, the axially convergent or cantedrelationship of drive wheels 182a, 182b serves to provide bothrotational motion and radial motion to the workpiece during surfacefinishing operations. Drive arrangement 180 illustrates that the axiallyconvergent nature of the drive wheels of the invention provides themeans for imparting rotational and radial force to the workpiece, andthat the angular relationship of the drive wheels and their rotationalaxes may be varied with respect to the workpiece and the rotational axisof the foiling head while providing rotational and radial force to theworkpiece. Thus, the axially convergent drive wheels of the inventionmay be structured and configured such that their rotational axes liewithin a plane which is substantially canted relative to the plane ofworkpiece W, as shown for drive wheels 50a, 50b above, or the rotationalaxes may lie within a plane which is substantially parallel to the planedefined by workpiece W, as shown for drive wheels 182a, 182b.

Accordingly, it will be seen that this invention provides a surfacefinishing apparatus which allows edge foiling of curvilinear-shapedboards, which does not mar or scratch previously finished surfacesduring edge foiling, which utilizes a pair of tilted drive wheels oftapered shape for simultaneously imparting rotational and radial forceto a workpiece, and which utilizes speed follower control means so thatthe running speed of the drive wheels is inversely related to thefoiling head speed. Although the description above contains manyspecificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope ofthe invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of thepresently preferred embodiments of this invention. Thus the scope ofthis invention should be determined by the appended claims and theirlegal equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A surface finishing apparatus, comprising:(a) apair of axially convergent drive wheels; (b) hold-down means for holdinga workpiece against said drive wheels; (c) means for finishing thesurfaces of a workpiece; (d) means for adjusting the angle of therotational axes of said drive wheels relative to each other; and (e)speed follower means for controlling the rotational speed of said drivewheels in response to the operating speed of said surface finishingmeans.
 2. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, further comprising meansfor moving said surface finishing means towards said pair of axiallyconvergent drive wheels.
 3. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, whereinsaid axially convergent drive wheels have rotational axes which aresubstantially canted relative to the plane defined by a workpiece.
 4. Anapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said axially convergent drivewheels have rotational axes defining a plane which is substantiallyparallel to the plane defined by a workpiece.
 5. An apparatus as recitedin claim 1, further comprising means for imparting rotational power tosaid pair of axially convergent drive wheels.
 6. An apparatus as recitedin claim 1, wherein said speed follower means comprises:(a) a feedindexer, said feed indexer interfaced with said pair of axiallyconvergent drive wheels and said surface finishing means; (b) anencoder, said encoder positioned to monitor said operating speed of saidsurface finishing means, said encoder interfaced with an indexercomputer; and (c) said feed indexer including means for controlling saidrotational speed of said axially convergent drive wheels in response tochanges in said operating speed of said surface finishing means.
 7. Anapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein each said axially convergentdrive wheel has a tapered shape.
 8. A speed follower for use with asurface finishing machine having a drive assembly and a surfacefinishing assembly, said speed follower comprising:(a) a feed indexer,said feed indexer interfaced with said drive assembly; and (b) means forsensing the operating speed of said surface finishing assembly, saidsensing means interfaced with said feed indexer; (c) said feed indexerincluding means for controlling the operating speed of said driveassembly in response to sensed changes in said operating speed of saidsurface finishing assembly; (d) wherein said feed indexer includes opencontrol programming, said programming performing the operation ofcalculating said operating speed for said drive assembly in response tosaid sensed operating speed of said surface finishing assembly, saidoperating speed for said drive assembly inversely related to said sensedoperating speed of said surface finishing assembly.
 9. A speed followeras recited in claim 8, wherein said sensing means comprises a highresolution rotational encoder, said encoder positioned to monitorrotational movement of a rotating part associated with said surfacefinishing assembly.
 10. A speed follower as recited in claim 2, whereinsaid programming includes a fuzzy logic algorithm tree, said fuzzy logicalgorithm tree utilizing a conversion ratio and the clocked speeddifferential of said encoder to perform said operation of calculatingsaid operating speed for said drive assembly.
 11. A speed follower foruse with a surface finishing machine having a drive assembly and asurface finishing assembly, said speed follower comprising:(a) a feedindexer, said feed indexer interfaced with said drive assembly; and (b)means for sensing the operating speed of said surface finishingassembly, said sensing means interfaced with said feed indexer, saidsensing means comprising a high resolution rotational encoder positionedto monitor rotational movement of a rotating part associated with saidsurface finishing assembly; (c) said feed indexer including means forcontrolling the operating speed of said drive assembly in response tosensed changes in said operating speed of said surface finishingassembly.
 12. A speed follower as recited in claim 11, wherein said feedindexer includes open control programming, said programming performingthe operation of calculating said operating speed for said driveassembly in response to said sensed operating speed of said surfacefinishing assembly, said operating speed for said drive assemblyinversely related to said sensed operating speed of said surfacefinishing assembly.
 13. A speed follower as recited in claim 11, whereinsaid operating speed of said drive assembly is controlled to beinversely related to said operating speed of said surface finishingassembly.